Holiday guide
Kwanzaa: Dates, History and Seven Principles
Kwanzaa is observed from December 26 through January 1 and centers on the Nguzo Saba, or seven principles.
Kwanzaa is observed from December 26 through January 1. Maulana Karenga created it in 1966 as an African American cultural observance centered on identity, history, community values, and the Nguzo Saba—the seven principles.
A modern cultural observance
Kwanzaa was created in the United States during a period of intense Black cultural and political organizing. Its purpose was to affirm African American cultural connection and values through a deliberately structured annual observance.
Because it was created in 1966, Kwanzaa has a documented modern founder and origin. It should not be described as an ancient African religious festival.
The seven principles
Nguzo Saba means the seven principles. They include Umoja (unity), Kujichagulia (self-determination), Ujima (collective work and responsibility), Ujamaa (cooperative economics), Nia (purpose), Kuumba (creativity), and Imani (faith).
The principles give each day of the observance a theme for conversation and practice. Families and organizations may explain or apply them differently, so a broad guide should avoid treating one household’s ritual as universal.
Seven days, many ways to participate
Kwanzaa begins on December 26 and ends on January 1, placing it after Christmas and before the new year. Families and organizations may light candles, discuss a daily principle, share a feast, tell stories, create art, or organize cultural programs. The format reflects each household and community.
Kwanzaa is not inherently a replacement for Christmas. Some families observe both; others observe Kwanzaa on its own. Learn more in Kwanzaa traditions and the history of Kwanzaa.
The table and the kinara
The kinara holds seven candles, one for each principle. Other symbols include the mkeka mat, mazao or crops, muhindi or corn, zawadi or gifts, and the kikombe cha umoja, a unity cup. Explore their meanings in Kwanzaa symbols.
Further reading
The Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture describes Kwanzaa’s 1966 origin, principles, symbols, and cultural purpose.
Frequently asked questions
When is Kwanzaa?
Kwanzaa is observed from December 26 through January 1.
Who created Kwanzaa?
Maulana Karenga created Kwanzaa in 1966.
What is Nguzo Saba?
Nguzo Saba is the name for Kwanzaa’s seven principles.
Is Kwanzaa a religious holiday?
It is generally described as a cultural observance, not an African religious holiday.
Does Kwanzaa replace Christmas?
No. Families may observe Kwanzaa alongside Christmas or other traditions, or observe it on its own.